Separating Birth from Community: Colonialism and Historical Institutionalism in Indigenous Pregnancy Evacuation Policies

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Sabrina Lee
Angela Mashford-Pringle

Abstract

Evacuating pregnant Indigenous individuals who live in remote communities to urban centres for birthing is not a formal or written policy in Canada, but has been the norm for several decades. Canada is a geographically large country with remote communities, often inhabited by Indigenous peoples, which provides universal health care to communities spanning from the Pacific to Atlantic oceans. The evacuation of pregnant Indigenous peoples has resulted in a disconnection between birth and community, land, ceremony, and Traditional Healing. This policy displacing pregnant Indigenous women has been reportedto bring them emotional, financial, and physical harm. Historical institutionalism may be precluding significant change to the norm of maternal evacuation. Euro-Canadian epistemologies and colonial mindsets have prevented biomedical institutions from seeing the detachment from land and community as a problem, as the transfer to tertiary hospitals may have been considered beneficial for Indigenous women. Indigenous self-determination in reforming Indigenous maternity care policies is crucial in addressing this health systems issue.


L’évacuation des personnes enceintes autochtones vivant en communautés isolées vers des centres urbains pour y accoucher n’est pas une politique officielle, ni écrite, au Canada, mais la norme existe depuis plusieurs dizaines d’années. Le Canada est un pays géographiquement vaste comptant de nombreuses communautés isolées, souvent habitées par des personnes autochtones, et fournissant des soins de santé universels aux communautés qui s’étendent de l’océan Pacifique à l’océan Atlantique. L’évacuation des personnes enceintes autochtones a entraîné une déconnexion entre la naissance et la communauté, la terre, les cérémonies et la guérison traditionnelle. Cette politique de déplacement des femmes enceintes autochtones leur causent des effets néfastes émotionnels, financiers et physiques. L’institutionnalisme historique peut empêcher un changement significatif de la norme d’évacuation des mères. Les épistémologies euro-canadiennes et les mentalités coloniales ont empêché les institutions biomédicales de considérer le détachement de la terre et de la communauté comme un problème, car le transfert vers des hôpitaux tertiaires a pu être considéré comme bénéfique pour les femmes autochtones. L’autodétermination autochtone par rapport à la réforme des politiques de soins obstétricaux chez les personnes autochtones est cruciale pour résoudre ce problème de systèmes de santé.

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How to Cite
Lee, S., & Mashford-Pringle, A. (2024). Separating Birth from Community: Colonialism and Historical Institutionalism in Indigenous Pregnancy Evacuation Policies. Health Reform Observer – Observatoire des Réformes de Santé, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.13162/hro-ors.v10i3.5101
Section
Provincial/Territorial Health Reform Analyses
Author Biographies

Sabrina Lee, University of Manitoba

Dr. Sabrina Lee is a resident physician in the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences at the University of Manitoba. She obtained an Honours Bachelor in Health Sciences (2013) and a Doctorate in Medicine (2017) from the University of Ottawa. She holds an MSc in Reproductive and Sexual Health Research (2020) from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and is completing an MSc in Health Services Research with a focus in Health Policy at the University of Toronto. Her research interests focus on healthy sexuality across the full spectrum of reproductive healthcare and working towards health equity through intersectional anti-oppressive approaches. 

Angela Mashford-Pringle, University of Toronto

Dr. Angela Mashford-Pringle is an Algonquin (Timiskaming First Nation) Assistant Professor and Associate Director at the Waakebiness-Bryce Institute for Indigenous Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health at the University of Toronto. Dr. Mashford-Pringle worked for over a decade at the federal government in Indigenous initiatives. Angela is the Director of the Master of Public Health – Indigenous Health program (MPH-IH), Director of the Collaborative Specialization in Indigenous Health (CSIH) and Founding Editor of the Turtle Island Journal on Indigenous Health (TIJIH). As the only Canadian and first Indigenous board member at the Community-Campus Partnerships for Health (CCPH), she has been finding ways to connect Canadian community organizations to university researchers in Canada. She works with Indigenous communities in urban and rural settings with issues related to Indigenous health including culture and cultural safety, language, land-based learning, climate action, and policy analysis and development. Dr. Mashford-Pringle enjoys finding connections in all the work she does.