Kratom-induced Psychosis
Case report and literature investigation
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.15173/ijrr.v3i2.4134Mots-clés :
Psychosis, Schizophrenia, Kratom, Mitragyna speciasa, drug-induced, legal highsRésumé
Substance Use Disorder is a major concern for public health. Legal substances are often misused to get “high”. Beside the risk of developing subsequent mental health and physical conditions, one of major risk is related to behavioural changes leading to criminal behaviour. There is need for regulation on some of these substances to ensure public as well as individual safety. This article is a case report describing Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) induced psychosis in a patient suffering from Schizophrenia. We hope this article can bring attention to regulating bodies about the risks associated with readily available “legal” drugs like Kratom.
Références
Hillebrand J, Olszewski D, Sedefov R. Legal highs on the Internet. Subst Use Misuse. 2010;45(3):330‑40.
Williams RJ, Nowatzki N. Validity of adoles-cent self-report of substance use. Subst Use Misuse. 2005;40(3):299‑311.
Mooney L. Drugs of abuse: what you & clinicians need to know. 2015. (accessed on September 9, 2019).
Kikura-Hanajiri R, Kawamura M, Maruyama T, Kitajima M, Takayama H, Goda Y. Simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and other alkaloids in the psychotropic plant “kratom” (Mitragyna speciosa) by LC-ESI-MS. Forensic Toxicol. 2009;27(2):67‑74.
Hassan Z, Muzaimi M, Navaratnam V, Yusoff NHM, Suhaimi FW, Vadivelu R, et al. From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(2):138‑51.
Kratom Legend. Kratom Strains & Their Inside Nature. (accessed 09 September 2019).
Kratom.com. Kratom Strains and localities. (accessed on September 9, 2019).
Tavakoli HR, Buchholz AC, Kabir IK, Deb A, Gayk JN. Kratom: a new product in an expanding substance abuse market. Fed Pract. 2016;33(11):32‑6.
Winstock A, Wilkins C. “Legal highs” the challenge of new psychoactive substances. Ser Legis Reform Drug Policies. 2011. (accessed on September 9, 2019).
Neerman MF, Frost RE, Deking J. A drug fatality involving kratom. J Forensic Sci. 2013;58:S278‑9.
Boyer EW, Babu KM, Adkins JE, McCurdy CR, Halpern JH. Self-treatment of opioid with-drawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth). Addict Abingdon Engl. 2008;103(6):1048‑50.
Nelsen JL, Lapoint J, Hodgman MJ, Aldous KM. Seizure and coma following kratom (Mi-tragynina speciosa Korth) exposure. J Med Toxicol. 2010;6(4):424‑6.
Vijeepallam K, Pandy V, Kunasegaran T, Murugan DD, Naidu M. Mitragyna speciosa leaf extract exhibits antipsychotic-like effect with the potential to alleviate positive and negative symptoms of psychosis in mice. Front Pharmacol. 2016. (accessed on September 9, 2019).
Anwar M, Law R, Schier J. Notes from the field: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) exposures reported to poison centers — United States, 2010–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(29):748‑9.
Kittirattanapaiboon P, Suttajit S, Junsiri-mongkol B, Likhitsathian S, Srisurapanont M. Suicide risk among Thai illicit drug users with and without mental/alcohol use disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;453.
Suwanlert S. A study of kratom eaters in Thailand. Bull Narc. 1975;27(3):21‑7.
Chang-Chien GC, Odonkor CA, Amorapanth P. Is Kratom the new “legal high” on the block?: the case of an emerging opioid receptor agonist with substance abuse potential. Pain Physician. 2017;20(1):E195‑8.
Burillo-Putze G, López Briz E, Climent Díaz B, Munné Mas P, Nogue Xarau S, Pinillos MA, et al. [Emergent drugs (III): hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms]. An Sist Sanit Navar. 2013;36(3):505‑18.
Junsirimongkol B. Kratom abuse in Southern Thailand. 2008. (accessed on September 9, 2019).
Shreeram SS, McDonald T, Dennison S. Psychosis after ultrarapid opiate detoxification. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(6):970‑970.
Singh D, Müller CP, Vicknasingam BK. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in regular users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;139:132‑7.
European Monitoring Center for Drug and Drug Addictions. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) drug profile. (accessed on September 9, 2019).
Swogger MT, Hart E, Erowid F, Erowid E, Tra-bold N, Yee K, et al. Experiences of kratom users: a qualitative analysis. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2015;47(5):360‑7.
Davies S, Wood DM, Smith G, Button J, Ram-sey J, Archer R, et al. Purchasing « legal highs » on the Internet--is there consistency in what you get? QJM. 2010;103(7):489‑93.
Babu KM, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW. Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum and Kratom. Clin Toxicol Phila Pa. 2008;46(2):146‑52.
U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control. KRATOM (Mitragyna speciosa korth). 2013. (accessed on September 9, 2019).
Forrester MB. Kratom exposures reported to Texas poison centers. J Addict Dis. 2013;32(4):396‑400.
Schmidt MM, Sharma A, Schifano F, Feinmann C. “Legal highs” on the net—evaluation of UK-based websites, products and product information. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;206(1‑3):92‑7.
Sheleg SV, Collins GB. A Coincidence of Addiction to “Kratom” and severe primary hypothyroidism. J Addict Med. 2011;5(4):300‑1.
McWhirter L, Morris S. A case report of inpatient detoxification after kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence. Eur Addict Res. 2010;16(4):229‑31.
Prozialeck WC, Jivan JK, Andurkar SV. Pharmacology of kratom: an emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic and opioid-like effects. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2012;112(12):792‑9.
Trakulsrichai S, Tongpo A, Sriapha C, Wongvisawakorn S, Rittilert P, Kaojarern S, et al. Kratom abuse in Ramathibodi poison center, Thailand: a five-year experience. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2013;45(5):404‑8
Voelker R. Kratom products seized. JAMA. 2016;316(11):1142.
Yusoff NHM, Suhaimi FW, Vadivelu RK, Has-san Z, Rümler A, Rotter A, et al. Abuse potential and adverse cognitive effects of mitragynine (kratom): Mitragynine addiction. Addict Biol. 2016;21(1):98‑110.
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
Copyright Notice
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the International Journal of Risk and Recovery the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. This allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book) with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their websites) before and during the submission process as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. (See The Effect of Open Access.)