Models for exploring partnership: Introducing sparqs’ student partnership staircase as a reflective tool for staff and students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15173/ijsap.v5i1.4452Keywords:
student engagement, partnership, visual representation, quality, sparqsAbstract
A useful way of exploring partnership between staff and students is through visual representations of partnership, where the concept sits alongside other ideas in scales or diagrams. They enable comparison, benchmarking and reflection in a way that is facilitative rather than instructional. Many such tools approach partnership in different ways and can be used in various contexts by staff and students. This article explores some of those tools, and introduces sparqs’ student partnership staircase, a simple tool which places partnership at the top of a four-step scale, prompting conversations about the role that students can and should play in shaping quality and how staff and institutions can enable this. Consideration is given to how the staircase can be used to create mutual learning spaces for staff and students and prompt shared understandings about partnership in quality.
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References
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Bovill, C. and Bulley, C.J. (2011). A model of active student participation in curriculum design: exploring desirability and possibility. In Rust, C. (Ed.) Improving Student Learning (ISL) 18: Global Theories and Local Practices: Institutional, Disciplinary and Cultural Variations (176-188). Oxford: Oxford Brookes University
Bols, A.T.G. (2017). Enhancing student representation. The Journal of Educational Innovation, Partnership and Change. 3(1), 81-89
Bunce, L., Baird, A. and Jones, S. (2017). The student-as-consumer approach in higher education and its effects on academic performance. Studies in Higher Education, 42(11), 1958-1978
Cadogan, P. (1998). Looking Ahead: The need to reassess the role of student unions. Agenda: The journal of the Association for Managers in Students’ Unions, 63, 14-18. Retrieved from http://www.changesu.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Agenda-63.pdf
Cathcart, A., Greer, D. and Neale. L. (2014). Learner-Focused Evaluation Cycles: Facilitating Learning Using Feedforward, Concurrent and Feedback Evaluation. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 39(7), 790–802.
Castaneda, A. (2019). Missing Rungs in the Ladder of Citizen Participation. Retrieved from https://www.planning.org/blog/9188872/missing-rungs-in-the-ladder-of-citizen-participation/
Cheng, J. & Marsh, H. (2010). National Student Survey: are differences between universities and courses reliable and meaningful? Oxford Review of Education, 36(6), 693-712.
Collins, K. and Ison, R. (2006). Dare we jump off Arnstein’s ladder? Social learning as a new policy paradigm. Proceedings of PATH (Participatory Approaches in Science & Technology) Conference, Edinburgh, 4-7 Jun 2006. Retrieved from http://oro.open.ac.uk/8589/1/Path_paper_Collins_Ison.pdf
Connor, D. (1988). A New Ladder of Citizen Participation. National Civic Review, 77 (3), 249-257.
Cook-Sather, A., Bovill, C. and Felten, P. (2014). Engaging students as partners in learning and teaching: A guide for faculty. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Copeland, R. (2014) Beyond the consumerist agenda: Teaching quality and the ‘student experience’ in higher education. UCU. Retrieved from https://www.ucu.org.uk/media/6187/Teaching-quality-and-the-student-experience-in-higher-education-Beyond-the-consumerist-agenda-Feb14/pdf/ucu_teachinginhe_policy_feb14.pdf
Costley, C., Shukla, N. and Inceoglu, I. (2010) Work based learners’ engagement with the university: an exploratory study. Higher Education Academy. Retrieved from https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/system/files/WBLexploratory.pdf
Cullen, S. (2005) Involving users in supported housing A good practice guide. Retrieved from https://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/40082/Involving_users_in_supported_housing.pdf
Dearden, P., Allison, G., Carter, M., Daniel, P., Jones, S., Kowalski, B., Lowe, J., Roland, R., Surridge, M., Thomas, S. (2003) Tools for Development: A handbook for those engaged in development activity (Version 15.1). Retrieved from https://www.ffla.net/publicaciones/doc_download/58-tools-for-development-a-handbook-for-those-engaged-in-development-activity.html
Dickinson, J. (2020). Ten things we’ve learned so far from the Covid-19 crisis. Wonkhe. Retrieved from https://wonkhe.com/blogs-sus/ten-things-weve-learned-so-far-from-the-covid-19-crisis/
Dollinger, M. and Mercer-Mapstone, L. (2019). What’s in a Name? Unpacking Students’ Roles in Higher Education through Neoliberal and Social Justice Lenses. Teaching & Learning Inquiry, 7(2), 73-89.
Dunne, E. and Zandstra, R. (2011). Students as change agents – new ways of engaging with learning and teaching in higher education. Bristol: University of Exeter/ESCalate/Higher Education Academy. Retrieved from http://www.escalate.ac.uk/8064
Fletcher, Adam. (2005) Meaningful Student Involvement Guide to Students as Partners in School Change. Retrieved from https://soundout.org/meaningful-student-involvement-guide-to-students-as-partners-in-school-change/
Fung, D and Wood, C. (2008) Engaging students to enhance the postgraduate research experience. Conference proceedings - Higher Education Academy Annual Conference ( 1 July 2008). Retrieved from https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/knowledge-hub/engaging-students-enhance-postgraduate-research-experience
Gibbs, G. (2010) Dimensions of quality. Retrieved from https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/knowledge-hub/dimensions-quality
Gravett, K., Kinchin, I,. and Winstone, N. (2019). ‘More than customers’: conceptions of students as partners held by students, staff, and institutional leaders. Studies in Higher Education. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1623769
Healey, M., Flint, A. and Harrington, K. (2014). Engagement Through Partnership: Students as Partners in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education. Higher Education Academy: York.
Higher Education Academy. (2016) HEA Surveys 2016: Raising response rates. Retrieved from https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/system/files/downloads/guides-raising-response-rates.pdf
Huxham, M., Scoles, J., Green, U., Purves, S., Welsh, Z., and Gray, A., (2017). ‘Observation has set in’: comparing students and peers as reviewers of teaching, Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 42(6), 887-899.
Islam, M., Lowe, T., & Jones, G. (2019). A ‘satisfied settling’? Investigating a sense of belonging for Muslim students in a UK small-medium Higher Education Institution. Student Engagement in Higher Education Journal, 2(2), 79-104.
Jones-Devitt, S., and Samiei, C. (2011). From Accrington Stanley to academia? The use of league tables and student surveys to determine ‘quality’ in higher education. In Molesworth, M., Scullion, R. and Nixon, E. (Eds.). The Marketisation of Higher Education and the Student as Consumer. (pp. 86-100) Oxford: Routledge.
Jones-Devitt, S., Austen, L., Chitwood, E., Donnelly, A., Fearn, C., Heaton, C., Latham, G., LeBihan, J., Middleton, A., Morgan, M. and Parkin, H. (2017). Creation and confidence: BME students as academic partners... but where were the staff?. Journal of Educational Innovation Partnership and Change. 3(1), 278-285.
Kettis, Å. (2019), Students as partners in Swedish higher education: A driver for quality. In Tanaka, M. (Ed.) Student engagement and Quality Assurance in Higher Education: International Collaborations for the Enhancement of Learning. (pp. 9-23) Oxford: Routledge.
Kinash, S., Crane, L., & Bannatyne, A., Judd, M., Eckersley, B., Hamlin, G., Partridge, H., Richardson, S., Udas, K., and Stark, A. (2017) Engaging postgraduate students and supporting higher education to enhance the 21st century student experience: Final report prepared for the Learning and Teaching Support Unit. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313247163_Engaging_postgraduate_students_and_supporting_higher_education_to_enhance_the_21st_century_student_experience_Final_report_prepared_for_the_Learning_and_Teaching_Support_Unit_Australian_Department_of_
Lowe, T and Bols, A. (2020). Higher education institutions and policy makers: the future of student engagement. In: Lowe, T. and El Hakim, Y. A Handbook for Student Engagement in Higher Education: Theory into Practice. (pp. 267-284) Oxford: Routledge.
Macfarlane, B. , & Tomlinson, M. (2017). Critiques of student engagement. Higher Education Policy, 30(1), 6-21.
Marie, J., MacKenzie, S., Rowett, S., and Wright, M. (2017). Barriers to engagement at UCL. The Journal of Educational Innovation, Partnership and Change 3(1).
Matthews, K. E., Dwyer, A., Hine, L., & Turner, J. (2018). Conceptions of students as partners. Higher Education, 76, 957–971.
Maxwell Stuart, R. (2015) Transnational student engagement: the invisible students? (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/97913
Maxwell-Stuart, R. and Huisman, J. (2018). An exploratory study of student engagement at transnational education initiatives. International Journal of Educational Management. 32 (2). 298-309.
Nair, C., Adams, P. and Mertova, M. (2008). Student Engagement: The Key to Improving Survey Response Rates, Quality in Higher Education, 14(3), 225-232
NHS England, Ladder of engagement. Retrieved from https://www.england.nhs.uk/participation/resources/ladder-of-engagement-2/
QAA Scotland, the Scottish Funding Council, Education Scotland, The Higher Education Academy, Universities Scotland, Scotland’s Colleges, NUS Scotland, sparqs (2012) A Student Engagement Framework for Scotland. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/upfiles/SEFScotland.pdf
QAA Scotland (2017) Enhancement-led Institutional Review Handbook (Fourth Edition). Retrieved from https://www.qaa.ac.uk/scotland/en/reviewing-higher-education-in-scotland/enhancement-led-institutional-review/handbook-and-guidance
Romanin, A. (2013) Influencing renewal: an Australian case study of tenant participation’s influence on public housing renewal projects. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/download/31963910/Thesis_Andrew_Romanin_Final.pdf
Scottish Funding Council and Education Scotland. (2019) Arrangements for assuring and improving the quality of provision and services in Scotland’s colleges (Updated September 2019). Retrieved from http://www.sfc.ac.uk/web/FILES/Quality/College_Quality_Arrangements_September_2019.pdf
Scottish Funding Council, Equality and Diversity. Retrieved from http://www.sfc.ac.uk/access-inclusion/equality-diversity/access-equality-diversity.aspx
Shaw, C., Humphrey, O., Atvars, T. and Sims, S. (2017) Systematic Literature Review of ‘Hard to Reach’ Students and Methods of Inclusive Engagement. Retrieved from http://www.studentengagement.ac.uk/newsite/index.php/aboutreact/hard-to-reach-lit-review
sparqs. (2019) Strategic Plan 2019-2022. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/upfiles/Strategic%20Plan%202019-22.pdf
sparqs [online (a)], Student Partnership Staircase. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/resource-item.php?item=254
sparqs [online (b)], Student Engagement Analysis Workshop. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/institute.php?page=875
sparqs [online (c)]. Understanding the SU's key relationships: The Cadogan Matrices. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/resource-item.php?item=166
sparqs [online (d)], Theory of partnership: Ladder of Citizen Participation - Sherry R Arnstein. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/resource-item.php?item=168
sparqs [online (e)], Equality and Diversity. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/institute.php?page=717
sparqs [online (f)], The ABCD of Effective Feedback. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/resource-item.php?item=260
Stevenson, J. (2014). Internationalisation and religious inclusion in United Kingdom higher education. Higher Education Quarterly. 68(1), 46-64.
Stevenson, J. and Whelan, P. (2013). Synthesis of US literature relating to the retention, progression, completion and attainment of black and minority ethnic (BME) students in HE. York: Higher Education Academy.
Stewart, M. (2015). The language of praise and criticism in a student evaluation survey. Studies in educational evaluation, 45, 1-9.
Tanaka, M. (2019). The international diversity of student engagement. In Tanaka, M. (Ed.) Student engagement and Quality Assurance in Higher Education: International Collaborations for the Enhancement of Learning. (pp 1-8) Oxford: Routledge.
Theyyan, B. (2018). Arnstein's Ladder of Citizen Participation: a Critical Discussion. International Journal of Asian Academic Research Associates. 2(7), 241-247.
Thomas, L. and Jones, R. (2017) Student engagement in the context of commuter students. Retrieved from https://www.lizthomasassociates.co.uk/projects/2018/Commuter%20student%20engagement.pdf
Tritter, J.Q. and McCallum, A. (2006). The snakes and ladders of user involvement: moving beyond Arnstein. Health Policy. 76(2), 156-168.
Trowler, V. and Trowler, P. (2010) Student engagement literature review. Retrieved from https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/knowledge-hub/student-engagement-literature-review
Twitter search result for “student partnership staircase”. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/search?q=student%20partnership%20staircase&src=typed_query
United Kingdom Standing Committee on Quality Assurance. (2018) UK Quality Code for Higher Education, Advice and Guidance: Student Engagement. Retrieved from https://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/quality-code/advice-and-guidance/student-engagement
Wiley, C. (2019). Standardised module evaluation surveys in UK higher education: Establishing students’ perspectives, Studies in Educational Evaluation, 61, 55-65.
Yorke, M. (2014). Foreword In Bryson, C. (Ed.). Understanding and Developing Student Engagement, (pp xvi-xvii) Oxford: Routledge.
Zepke, N. (2014). Student engagement research in higher education: questioning an academic orthodoxy. Teaching in Higher Education, 19(6), 697-708.
Arnstein, S. (1969). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4). 216-224
Bovill, C. (2017). A Framework to Explore Roles Within Student-Staff Partnerships in Higher Education: Which Students Are Partners, When, and in What Ways? International Journal for Students As Partners, 1(1).
Bovill, C. and Bulley, C.J. (2011). A model of active student participation in curriculum design: exploring desirability and possibility. In Rust, C. (Ed.) Improving Student Learning (ISL) 18: Global Theories and Local Practices: Institutional, Disciplinary and Cultural Variations (176-188). Oxford: Oxford Brookes University
Bols, A.T.G. (2017). Enhancing student representation. The Journal of Educational Innovation, Partnership and Change. 3(1), 81-89
Bunce, L., Baird, A. and Jones, S. (2017). The student-as-consumer approach in higher education and its effects on academic performance. Studies in Higher Education, 42(11), 1958-1978
Cadogan, P. (1998). Looking Ahead: The need to reassess the role of student unions. Agenda: The journal of the Association for Managers in Students’ Unions, 63, 14-18. Retrieved from http://www.changesu.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Agenda-63.pdf
Cathcart, A., Greer, D. and Neale. L. (2014). Learner-Focused Evaluation Cycles: Facilitating Learning Using Feedforward, Concurrent and Feedback Evaluation. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 39(7), 790–802.
Castaneda, A. (2019). Missing Rungs in the Ladder of Citizen Participation. Retrieved from https://www.planning.org/blog/9188872/missing-rungs-in-the-ladder-of-citizen-participation/
Cheng, J. & Marsh, H. (2010). National Student Survey: are differences between universities and courses reliable and meaningful? Oxford Review of Education, 36(6), 693-712.
Collins, K. and Ison, R. (2006). Dare we jump off Arnstein’s ladder? Social learning as a new policy paradigm. Proceedings of PATH (Participatory Approaches in Science & Technology) Conference, Edinburgh, 4-7 Jun 2006. Retrieved from http://oro.open.ac.uk/8589/1/Path_paper_Collins_Ison.pdf
Connor, D. (1988). A New Ladder of Citizen Participation. National Civic Review, 77 (3), 249-257.
Cook-Sather, A., Bovill, C. and Felten, P. (2014). Engaging students as partners in learning and teaching: A guide for faculty. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Copeland, R. (2014) Beyond the consumerist agenda: Teaching quality and the ‘student experience’ in higher education. UCU. Retrieved from https://www.ucu.org.uk/media/6187/Teaching-quality-and-the-student-experience-in-higher-education-Beyond-the-consumerist-agenda-Feb14/pdf/ucu_teachinginhe_policy_feb14.pdf
Costley, C., Shukla, N. and Inceoglu, I. (2010) Work based learners’ engagement with the university: an exploratory study. Higher Education Academy. Retrieved from https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/system/files/WBLexploratory.pdf
Cullen, S. (2005) Involving users in supported housing A good practice guide. Retrieved from https://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/40082/Involving_users_in_supported_housing.pdf
Dearden, P., Allison, G., Carter, M., Daniel, P., Jones, S., Kowalski, B., Lowe, J., Roland, R., Surridge, M., Thomas, S. (2003) Tools for Development: A handbook for those engaged in development activity (Version 15.1). Retrieved from https://www.ffla.net/publicaciones/doc_download/58-tools-for-development-a-handbook-for-those-engaged-in-development-activity.html
Dickinson, J. (2020). Ten things we’ve learned so far from the Covid-19 crisis. Wonkhe. Retrieved from https://wonkhe.com/blogs-sus/ten-things-weve-learned-so-far-from-the-covid-19-crisis/
Dollinger, M. and Mercer-Mapstone, L. (2019). What’s in a Name? Unpacking Students’ Roles in Higher Education through Neoliberal and Social Justice Lenses. Teaching & Learning Inquiry, 7(2), 73-89.
Dunne, E. and Zandstra, R. (2011). Students as change agents – new ways of engaging with learning and teaching in higher education. Bristol: University of Exeter/ESCalate/Higher Education Academy. Retrieved from http://www.escalate.ac.uk/8064
Fletcher, Adam. (2005) Meaningful Student Involvement Guide to Students as Partners in School Change. Retrieved from https://soundout.org/meaningful-student-involvement-guide-to-students-as-partners-in-school-change/
Fung, D and Wood, C. (2008) Engaging students to enhance the postgraduate research experience. Conference proceedings - Higher Education Academy Annual Conference ( 1 July 2008). Retrieved from https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/knowledge-hub/engaging-students-enhance-postgraduate-research-experience
Gibbs, G. (2010) Dimensions of quality. Retrieved from https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/knowledge-hub/dimensions-quality
Gravett, K., Kinchin, I,. and Winstone, N. (2019). ‘More than customers’: conceptions of students as partners held by students, staff, and institutional leaders. Studies in Higher Education. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1623769
Healey, M., Flint, A. and Harrington, K. (2014). Engagement Through Partnership: Students as Partners in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education. Higher Education Academy: York.
Higher Education Academy. (2016) HEA Surveys 2016: Raising response rates. Retrieved from https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/system/files/downloads/guides-raising-response-rates.pdf
Huxham, M., Scoles, J., Green, U., Purves, S., Welsh, Z., and Gray, A., (2017). ‘Observation has set in’: comparing students and peers as reviewers of teaching, Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 42(6), 887-899.
Islam, M., Lowe, T., & Jones, G. (2019). A ‘satisfied settling’? Investigating a sense of belonging for Muslim students in a UK small-medium Higher Education Institution. Student Engagement in Higher Education Journal, 2(2), 79-104.
Jones-Devitt, S., and Samiei, C. (2011). From Accrington Stanley to academia? The use of league tables and student surveys to determine ‘quality’ in higher education. In Molesworth, M., Scullion, R. and Nixon, E. (Eds.). The Marketisation of Higher Education and the Student as Consumer. (pp. 86-100) Oxford: Routledge.
Jones-Devitt, S., Austen, L., Chitwood, E., Donnelly, A., Fearn, C., Heaton, C., Latham, G., LeBihan, J., Middleton, A., Morgan, M. and Parkin, H. (2017). Creation and confidence: BME students as academic partners... but where were the staff?. Journal of Educational Innovation Partnership and Change. 3(1), 278-285.
Kettis, Å. (2019), Students as partners in Swedish higher education: A driver for quality. In Tanaka, M. (Ed.) Student engagement and Quality Assurance in Higher Education: International Collaborations for the Enhancement of Learning. (pp. 9-23) Oxford: Routledge.
Kinash, S., Crane, L., & Bannatyne, A., Judd, M., Eckersley, B., Hamlin, G., Partridge, H., Richardson, S., Udas, K., and Stark, A. (2017) Engaging postgraduate students and supporting higher education to enhance the 21st century student experience: Final report prepared for the Learning and Teaching Support Unit. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313247163_Engaging_postgraduate_students_and_supporting_higher_education_to_enhance_the_21st_century_student_experience_Final_report_prepared_for_the_Learning_and_Teaching_Support_Unit_Australian_Department_of_
Lowe, T and Bols, A. (2020). Higher education institutions and policy makers: the future of student engagement. In: Lowe, T. and El Hakim, Y. A Handbook for Student Engagement in Higher Education: Theory into Practice. (pp. 267-284) Oxford: Routledge.
Macfarlane, B. , & Tomlinson, M. (2017). Critiques of student engagement. Higher Education Policy, 30(1), 6-21.
Marie, J., MacKenzie, S., Rowett, S., and Wright, M. (2017). Barriers to engagement at UCL. The Journal of Educational Innovation, Partnership and Change 3(1).
Matthews, K. E., Dwyer, A., Hine, L., & Turner, J. (2018). Conceptions of students as partners. Higher Education, 76, 957–971.
Maxwell Stuart, R. (2015) Transnational student engagement: the invisible students? (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/97913
Maxwell-Stuart, R. and Huisman, J. (2018). An exploratory study of student engagement at transnational education initiatives. International Journal of Educational Management. 32 (2). 298-309.
Nair, C., Adams, P. and Mertova, M. (2008). Student Engagement: The Key to Improving Survey Response Rates, Quality in Higher Education, 14(3), 225-232
NHS England, Ladder of engagement. Retrieved from https://www.england.nhs.uk/participation/resources/ladder-of-engagement-2/
QAA Scotland, the Scottish Funding Council, Education Scotland, The Higher Education Academy, Universities Scotland, Scotland’s Colleges, NUS Scotland, sparqs (2012) A Student Engagement Framework for Scotland. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/upfiles/SEFScotland.pdf
QAA Scotland (2017) Enhancement-led Institutional Review Handbook (Fourth Edition). Retrieved from https://www.qaa.ac.uk/scotland/en/reviewing-higher-education-in-scotland/enhancement-led-institutional-review/handbook-and-guidance
Romanin, A. (2013) Influencing renewal: an Australian case study of tenant participation’s influence on public housing renewal projects. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/download/31963910/Thesis_Andrew_Romanin_Final.pdf
Scottish Funding Council and Education Scotland. (2019) Arrangements for assuring and improving the quality of provision and services in Scotland’s colleges (Updated September 2019). Retrieved from http://www.sfc.ac.uk/web/FILES/Quality/College_Quality_Arrangements_September_2019.pdf
Scottish Funding Council, Equality and Diversity. Retrieved from http://www.sfc.ac.uk/access-inclusion/equality-diversity/access-equality-diversity.aspx
Shaw, C., Humphrey, O., Atvars, T. and Sims, S. (2017) Systematic Literature Review of ‘Hard to Reach’ Students and Methods of Inclusive Engagement. Retrieved from http://www.studentengagement.ac.uk/newsite/index.php/aboutreact/hard-to-reach-lit-review
sparqs. (2019) Strategic Plan 2019-2022. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/upfiles/Strategic%20Plan%202019-22.pdf
sparqs [online (a)], Student Partnership Staircase. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/resource-item.php?item=254
sparqs [online (b)], Student Engagement Analysis Workshop. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/institute.php?page=875
sparqs [online (c)]. Understanding the SU's key relationships: The Cadogan Matrices. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/resource-item.php?item=166
sparqs [online (d)], Theory of partnership: Ladder of Citizen Participation - Sherry R Arnstein. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/resource-item.php?item=168
sparqs [online (e)], Equality and Diversity. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/institute.php?page=717
sparqs [online (f)], The ABCD of Effective Feedback. Retrieved from https://www.sparqs.ac.uk/resource-item.php?item=260
Stevenson, J. (2014). Internationalisation and religious inclusion in United Kingdom higher education. Higher Education Quarterly. 68(1), 46-64.
Stevenson, J. and Whelan, P. (2013). Synthesis of US literature relating to the retention, progression, completion and attainment of black and minority ethnic (BME) students in HE. York: Higher Education Academy.
Stewart, M. (2015). The language of praise and criticism in a student evaluation survey. Studies in educational evaluation, 45, 1-9.
Tanaka, M. (2019). The international diversity of student engagement. In Tanaka, M. (Ed.) Student engagement and Quality Assurance in Higher Education: International Collaborations for the Enhancement of Learning. (pp 1-8) Oxford: Routledge.
Theyyan, B. (2018). Arnstein's Ladder of Citizen Participation: a Critical Discussion. International Journal of Asian Academic Research Associates. 2(7), 241-247.
Thomas, L. and Jones, R. (2017) Student engagement in the context of commuter students. Retrieved from https://www.lizthomasassociates.co.uk/projects/2018/Commuter%20student%20engagement.pdf
Tritter, J.Q. and McCallum, A. (2006). The snakes and ladders of user involvement: moving beyond Arnstein. Health Policy. 76(2), 156-168.
Trowler, V. and Trowler, P. (2010) Student engagement literature review. Retrieved from https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/knowledge-hub/student-engagement-literature-review
Twitter search result for “student partnership staircase”. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/search?q=student%20partnership%20staircase&src=typed_query
United Kingdom Standing Committee on Quality Assurance. (2018) UK Quality Code for Higher Education, Advice and Guidance: Student Engagement. Retrieved from https://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/quality-code/advice-and-guidance/student-engagement
Wiley, C. (2019). Standardised module evaluation surveys in UK higher education: Establishing students’ perspectives, Studies in Educational Evaluation, 61, 55-65.
Yorke, M. (2014). Foreword In Bryson, C. (Ed.). Understanding and Developing Student Engagement, (pp xvi-xvii) Oxford: Routledge.
Zepke, N. (2014). Student engagement research in higher education: questioning an academic orthodoxy. Teaching in Higher Education, 19(6), 697-708.
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Published
2021-05-07
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Varwell, S. (2021). Models for exploring partnership: Introducing sparqs’ student partnership staircase as a reflective tool for staff and students. International Journal for Students as Partners, 5(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.15173/ijsap.v5i1.4452
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