Pushed out the Door, Back in through the Window: The Role of the ILO in EU and US Trade Agreements in Facilitating the Decent Work Agenda
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15173/glj.v6i2.2401Abstract
Although the debate on the inclusion of labour provisions in trade agreements seemed to be closed after the multilateral trade negotiations in the late 1990s, it is revived in the current negotiation of the EU–US Transatlantic Trade and Investment Agreement (TTIP). TTIP negotiations are of particular importance in this regard as the agreement is believed to set the norm for future negotiations. This paper examines the evolution of labour provisions in the EU and US trade agreements in the past two decades. It finds that: First, labour provisions are increasingly included in trade agreements of the US and the EU. Second, ILO instruments are the main reference here, and they often include an explicit reference to the decent work agenda. Third, reference to the role of the ILO in the implementation of labour commitments is less explicit, but leaves the door open for involvement in various ways, mainly through technical cooperation activities, monitoring or via a consultative role in dispute settlement mechanisms.The analysis leads to the conclusion that whereas the trade–labour linkage and the role of the ILO in trade may have been pushed out of the multilateral trade system, the discussion revived in the framework of pluri-lateral trade negotiations.
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Orbie, J.; Gistelinck, M.; Kerremans, B. 2009. “The social dimension of EU trade policies” in Orbie, J. and Tortell, L. (eds): The European Union and the Social Dimension of Globalisation. How the EU influences the World, (Oxon: Routledge/Garnet Series: Europe in the World).
Polaski, S. 2004. Protecting labour rights through trade agreements: An analytical guide, U.C. Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, 13.
Polaski, S; Vyborny, K. 2006. Labour clauses in trade agreements: Policy and practice, in Integration and Trade, Vol. 10, n.25.
Prislan, V.; Zandvliet, R. 2013a. Labor Provisions in International Investment Agreements: Prospects for Sustainable Development, Grotius Centre Working Paper 2013/003-IEL, Leiden, Leiden University.
Scherrer, C.; Greven, T.; Leopold, A.; Molinari, E. 2009. An analysis of the relative effectiveness of social and environmental norms in free trade agreements, Policy Department External policies, European Parliament.
Tsogas, G. 1999. “Labour standards in international trade agreements: an assessment of the arguments”, in The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10:2, April 1999.
UNCTAD. 2012. “Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development”, in World Investment Report 2012: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies.
US Code, Title 19 “Custom Duties”, Chapter 12 “Trade Act of 1974”, Subchapter V “Generalized System of Preferences”, Par. 2461 et seq.
US OTLA Procedural Guidelines. 2006. Notice of the Department of Labor, Office of the Secretary, Bureau of International Labor Affairs; Notice of Reassignment of Functions of Office of Trade Agreement Implementation to Office of Trade and Labor Affairs; Notice of Procedural Guidelines in the Federal Register Notice, Vol. 71, No. 245, December 21, 2006, 76991 available at http://webapps.dol.gov/FederalRegister/PdfDisplay.aspx?DocId=12492 (last visited on April 22, 2014)
Vis-Dunbar, D. 2009. “The Lisbon Treaty -
Implications for the European’s International Investment Agreements”, in Trade Negotiations Insights, Volume 8 (9), November 2009.
Vogt, J. 2014. “Trade and Investment Arrangements and Labor Rights”, in Blecher, L., Stafford, N. K. and Bellamy, G. (eds.): Corporate responsibility for human rights impact: new expectations and paradigms, Washington, American Bar Association.
World Trade Organization. 1996. Singapore Ministerial Declaration, adopted on 13 December 1996, Singapore, WTO.
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